![]() It's particularly useful to ask unexpected questions in interviews, Vrij has found. They might not have the imagination to come up with more or they may be reluctant to say more for fear they will get caught." "Liars typically have a prepared story with little more to say. "Truth tellers do not immediately say everything they need to say, so when the interviewer encourages them to say more, they give additional information," says Vrij. They also speak more slowly, with more hesitations and grammatical errors ( Law and Human Behavior, 2008).Įncouraging interviewees to say more during their interviews also helps to identify liars. Research shows that liars also often provide fewer details about time, location and things they heard. Truth tellers can rely on their memories to tell their story backwards, often adding more details, but liars tend to struggle. ![]() "If the interviewer makes the interview more difficult, it makes the already difficult task of lying even harder."Īnother way to make lying more difficult is to increase interviewees' cognitive load by, for example, asking them to tell their stories in reverse order. "Liars are doing more than telling their stories - they need to make a convincing impression," he says. If the interviewer then presents more evidence, such as matching fingerprints from the crime scene, the liar will find it increasingly difficult to keep up the deception ( Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications, 2014).Īldert Vrij, PhD, a professor of applied social psychology at the University of Portsmouth in the United Kingdom, also focuses his research on using strategies to outsmart liars. The suspect may admit to being in the area, but still deny the crime. When the interviewer reveals evidence showing the suspect was there - such as surveillance footage - the suspect has to scramble to make up another lie, or tell the truth. For example, Hartwig and colleagues conducted a series of studies to show that withholding evidence until late in the interview leaves room for guilty suspects to blatantly lie, for instance by denying being in the area of the crime. Their research consistently shows that being strategic about revealing evidence of criminal acts to suspects increases deception detection accuracy rates above chance levels ( Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2011 Law and Human Behavior, 2006). "They have to make up a story to account for the time of wrongdoing, but they can't be sure what evidence the interviewer has against them."īoth Bull and Hartwig conduct research on criminal investigative interview techniques that encourage interviewees to talk while interviewers slowly reveal evidence. "Liars have a dilemma," says Ray Bull, PhD, a professor of criminal investigation at the University of Derby, in the United Kingdom. Such research has "enormous potential to revolutionize law enforcement, military and private sector investigations," says Christian Meissner, PhD, a professor of psychology at Iowa State University, who studies the psychological processes underlying investigative interviews. "The view now is that the interaction between deceiver and observer is a strategic interplay," she says. Instead of looking at people for visual cues that they may be dissembling - such as a lack of eye contact or fidgeting - psychologists are now focused on developing proactive strategies that interviewers can use to elicit signs of deception, says Maria Hartwig, PhD, associate professor of psychology at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Given these early findings, today's researchers are exploring new methods of deception detection. "There really is no Pinocchio's nose," says Judee Burgoon, PhD, a professor of communication at the University of Arizona. They examined behaviors such as posture shifts, gaze aversion, and foot and hand movements, without much success. This theory led researchers to search for reliable behavioral indicators of deception. Traditional police practices in deception detection stem from early theories on lying that assume liars will exhibit stress-based cues because they fear being caught and feel guilty about lying. Particularly when investigating crime, the need for accurate deception detection is critical for police officers who must get criminals off the streets without detaining innocent suspects. ![]() This finding holds across all types of people - students, psychologists, judges, job interviewers and law enforcement personnel ( Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2006). Research has consistently shown that people's ability to detect lies is no more accurate than chance, or flipping a coin.
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